Military Essay Topics

Military Essay TopicsMilitary essay topics range from the everyday problems faced by the military to military history. The most common topics that get asked are all about the military and their support personnel.Just as in a regular high school paper, the topics of the essay should be relevant to the topic at hand, but the academic experiences that are associated with the topic should also be included. These essays can be anything ranging from mundane experiences such as playing in a band to extraordinary experiences such as sniper work. These essays should be written in a detailed and descriptive manner and must include research from other sources for the information to be coherent.Many of the experiences shared by soldiers are similar to those shared by civilians in the military career field. Commonly shared experiences are the average daily life of a soldier. Army nurses go through the routine of watching patients after surgery and working alongside doctors and nurses to perform t asks that may seem mundane to others. To write a good essay, it is important to concentrate on the unique life of a military nurse and present that life in a more educational way.Military science research is another common topic of military essay topics. If you are studying to be a microbiologist or a veterinarian, you will have a lot of writing to do. This may include basic writing, comparing data, and organizing all of the data you gathered.Career goals in the military usually include tasks such as serving as a pilot or a medical technician. These experiences may include many things from flying in combat to finding a cure for a disease that was once incurable.There are many things that are unique to military career goals. The military experience is one that allows individuals to go wherever they want to go and to join in any type of military job that they may desire. There are things to learn from the military experience that can be applied to civilian life.Learning how to be a me mber of the military, how to adjust to the rigors of military life, and what it takes to succeed in a military career. Being able to adapt to the life of a soldier will help any person succeed in any kind of military career.Those who have found themselves involved in the military life may be interested in knowing about successful stories of survival in combat situations. These are military essay topics that talk about the 'things' that are normal in military life. Some examples are survival in an ambush, surviving a suicide attack, and other ways of survival in combat situations.

Analyzing Expository Essay Topics University

<h1>Analyzing Expository Essay Topics University</h1><p>When choosing scholarly subjects to compose an examination paper on, a few journalists neglect to consider the style in which the article will be composed. One of the most widely recognized purposes behind picking an alternate point from one's expected theme is basically to fit in with scholarly shows, however this can mess some up for the exposition as a whole.</p><p></p><p>The first issue that one must consider is the manner by which well the essayist will have the option to fit in with different segments of the theory articulation. The exposition is typically written in a few sections, and in the principal passage it must fit in with the remainder of the sentences. It may not fit in with the principal sentence, yet it ought to likewise follow the progression of the composition from the third passage onward.</p><p></p><p>In truth, the possibility of this 'stream ' is imperative to the point that it has its very own whole segment inside the rules of scholastic style for the exploration paper. The paper needs to move at a specific pace and never spew data that has just been introduced somewhere else. The stream can be built up by discovering genuine instances of expositions that have been composed by journalists who were awkward with their picked subject and attempting to fit in. This regularly doesn't work and the general look of the article becomes distorted.</p><p></p><p>This ought to be contemplated while picking an exposition theme, as one needs to pick a subject that sounds good to the peruser. It will be useful if the essayist has taken courses in college or school about the subject, as this will give him a smidgen of foundation on the point. He will likewise have a superior comprehension of the sort of crowd he is writing to. Now and again, simply knowing the name of the University that he is writing to or the name of a class will help the author in his decision of topic.</p><p></p><p>A all around picked investigate paper can show both the realities and the understudy's assessment about the current issue. An explanatory exposition subjects college might be a genuine case of such an exploration paper. With this, the author will have the option to introduce his sentiment in his own words and give a full clarification of why he feels that way.</p><p></p><p>Once the essayist has settled on a unique thought, he should pick a theme to fit in with the examination material. He can decide to compose a two-page explore paper which contains the primary concerns of the first paper and afterward compose a different paper regarding that matter, or he can decide to compose a few articles in any one subject. Either choice is fine, yet it must be done cautiously with the goal that the articles don't become one long chain of argumentation.</p><p>& lt;/p><p>Remember that the scholastic paper should be a contention, not a piece. The thought behind this is the essayist is endeavoring to persuade his perusers that the topic of the examination paper is a substantial thought. In doing this, the author can give a solution to their inquiries regarding the point and he will be all the more persuading if his contention stands up under scrutiny.</p><p></p><p>Some individuals don't feel that explanatory paper themes college is a smart thought since they are awkward with the subject and the subsequent contention. Be that as it may, this is an individual choice for each person.</p>

Gospel of Luke - Gospel Topics for the Book

Gospel of Luke - Gospel Topics for the BookGospel of Luke is a good book to study when you want to know more about Jesus. It is full of rich information that would be of interest to those looking for other topics for the gospel of Luke. You can start this book on at the start or continue from chapter to chapter. It would be good if you can read the entire book, including the end.In the first part of the book, you can start with the final dissertation and readings that will help you understand what the author is trying to say. Read this part so that you can develop knowledge of the basics. These parts are chapters 12, 13, 14, and 15.In the second part, you can focus on the final part of the book. Study all the sections, particularly those that pertain to issues concerning the lives of the people who were involved in Jesus' time. There are many examples of these subjects. You can select one or two and study it. As the references in the book are organized according to theme, you can mov e on to the next topic easily.If you have prepared church history in your bible class, you can read it well in the book. Then you can move to the other topics in the book. The second part also contains questions and answers, so you can ask your pastor for some information.The third part can be very interesting to learn about the life of Jesus in Jerusalem. You can learn about the Judaic city of that era and the Jewish leaders who lived in that time. It will also explain how Judaea was one of the seven churches in the gospel of Luke. You can even check the resources section of the book to find out if there are any references that might be of interest to you.The fourth part of the book is about the life of Mary, Mary Magdalene, and Martha. It will include the story of their love for Jesus and how they showed him the joy of living. They also loved each other and raised Jesus as their own son. You can read about how Jesus became the Son of God and his crucifixion in the book.Finally, th e fifth part of the book will concentrate on Jesus' teaching. The topics covered in this part include the parables of the blind and the leper, feeding the five thousand, and many others. You can go to the web page of the author to see a list of the parables and related topics. It will give you an idea about the type of parables that you can read and discuss with your pastor.The gospel of Luke is not only a book about Jesus. The information found in this book would be of interest to those interested in other topics of the gospel.

Common Applecation Essay Topics - Is it a Scam

Basic Applecation Essay Topics - Is it a Scam? What Is So Fascinating About Common Applecation Essay Topics? Ultimately, remember that these types of stories work best and are most great once you're inspiring various children (or grown-ups!) Read every last one of the subjects and consider all of them before picking which one which you will reply. Tragically, there are different clarifications for why people don't search out assistance when it's accessible. Overseeing convenience issues are frequently very overwhelming and choosing the most appropriate spot to live an inconvenient endeavor. The most as often as possible experienced rule infringement is before a blunder message basically says something isn't right, without clarifying why and howthe client can resolve the issue. Useful mistake messages help clients fix their current issues, yet they could likewise go about as a workable second. In all these applications, data that is important to people is summed up by a short code, in an attempt to make it much progressively reduced. Plainly well-spoken the issue. The Secret to Common Applecation Essay Topics Simply accept the open door to think, and by the second you take a seat at your console you will be set up to form a fascinating and profitable paper. Awesome stories and individual bits of knowledge truly can attract a crowd of people's advantage. In its heart, the article ought to be about you. Once more, expounding on what you need to expound on is the most critical thing. Perchance a philosophical book truly explains your current worldview. Writing in your voice will likewise enable you to arrive at that word limit. Now and again, it would be useful in the event that you'll just use laymans terms just in your record. In view of the wide determination of portion points forming this region, you may utilize some related terms which might be found in clinical and human services subjects. Presently, investigate what you've composed. You'll watch a comparativ e structure in heaps of the expositions. Structuring complex applications is an aspiring endeavor. Note you don't have to have unraveled the issue, and a couple of the best expositions will investigate issues that ought to be tackled later on. So my recommendation to anyone who is applying to schools that are individuals from the Common Application is to incorporate things like an individual exposition, regardless of whether it's a necessity of the specific universities to which you're applying for not. Understudies must meet set up benchmarks in order to fit the bill for move. The understudies may get training in any office, which they might want to concentrate since there are an enormous number of courses out there. Particularly in rather large classes, different understudies might be threatened to ask expected help. On the off chance that you might want to see her paper in setting, examine this hyperlink. Some can portray occasions in such detail a peruser basically should get to the finish of the exposition. Examine this blog entry for certain thoughts on utilizing an article you've just composed for another plan. There are a few basic things that go into an astounding Common App article. Start with the theme you wish to expound on. Two new exposition alternatives are included, and some of the past inquiries are changed. Offer an article regarding any matter of your choice. Normal Applecation Essay Topics for Dummies The attention on a specific occasion is indispensable. It's never a phenomenal issue to change points in the focal point of the theory year, as it upsets everything which has been accumulated notwithstanding break the energy of the essayist. Consider what your interests concerning this issue uncover about the kind of individual that you are or want to be. Unmistakably, seeing how to clean consuming oil isn't high on the rundown of things each 9-year-old should know. Write in the very same manner that you would conventionally talk. The inquiry authors are providing you an enormous insight when they demand that you portray what incited your reasoning they have to grasp the manner in which your brain works. The key thing is to get something down! The issue with a flood menu is that, equivalent to with the garbage cabinet in your home, nobody else can comprehend what you may have set in it. The Battle Over Common Applecation Essay Topics and How to Win It's critical to show that procedure. As a logical term, you can need to experience a strategy for research to see unequivocally what the system includes. The methodology for your experience is imperative. The web procedure for the Common Application can be confused, yet it is significantly better than applying to each school independently (which is frightfully tedious and may prompt mistakes). The War Against Common Applecation Essay Topics Next, it's suggested that you settle on a daily practice for yourself into writing to encase different things you wish to make as a timetable. It is conceivable to try and reuse a paper you could have composed for an alternate goal! Getting another person to peruse your drafts can permit you to decide when you've gone excessively far. Of course, the most vital piece of making a calendar is adhering to it! Living day to day After Common Applecation Essay Topics When you feel that it is completely completed, you're set up to edit and organize the exposition. The paper is effectively among the most problematic districts of the school application practice. In the event that you have a perfect paper, fantastic. These seven example papers react to a scope of interesting inquiries. Be that as it may, What About Common Applecation Essay Topics? To discover progressively about examination projects, instructors and other interesting truth about the school you want to apply to, take a gander at their official destinations. Luckily, schools will contemplate you in the event that you decide to consolidate your adoration for writing in your paper. At precisely the same time, you will dazzle the school confirmations people incredibly on the off chance that you may intr oduce your ability to gain from your disappointments and errors. The school confirmations people are looking for proof that you will make an extraordinary grounds resident. The Chronicles of Common Applecation Essay Topics There are heaps of handbooks and sites taking care of individual articulation expositions. Welcome to this page on the web especially on the off chance that you have shown up here by searching for data on the ordinary application article. Think of a few potential answers before you pick what things to compose. Permit this segment to stand out by checking on these tips about how to form a Common App exercises list.

Most Noticeable Number the Stars Essay Topics

<h1> Most Noticeable Number the Stars Essay Topics </h1> <h2> Getting the Best Number the Stars Essay Topics </h2> <p>Nazi Germany has involved their nation throughout the previous three years. Foresee what you think will occur straightaway. The 2 young ladies, who go to precisely the same school and stay in exactly the same structure, are disrupted by their absolute initially direct experience with the Germans. Envision that you're a paper columnist and the time is a little while after the finish of World War II. </p> <h2> Number the Stars Essay Topics for Dummies </h2> <p>There isn't a remedy for interest. The principle reason is that we have countless employed scholars, every one of whom works in a specific area. It supplies the peruser the inclination they are quite the period. </p> <p>The sun is actually a star. With time, stars convert a couple of their hydrogen into helium. Pop stars can impact society in loads of means. You might be astonished to know there are 200-400 billion stars in our world. </p> <p>It might be accustomed to carry a lovely quality to composing. After you've settled on the theme question, it is insightful to peruse through the web to find some conceivable reactions. On the off chance that you are looking for help with your paper, at that point we give an extensive composing administration offered by completely qualified scholastics in your general vicinity of study. WiseEssays is an incredible composing administration with impressive experience and a strong on-line notoriety. </p> <p>In school, in any event, when you go to a littler school, you'll have much more alternatives. We might want our clients to be fulfilled without expecting to submit a heavy spending plan for it. The development in heftiness rates is because of the expanding amounts of drive-thru eateries. Along with your expanded freedom, you are likewise going to be dealt with like a grown-up in school as opposed to a youngster beneath your folks' consideration. </p> <p>To pick which subject you're probably going to examine, it's significant to see the total assortment of good influential discourse themes from the unique zone of study. On the off chance that you select to compose on a near exposition point you need to comprehend you need to do unmistakably more research particularly in light of the fact that here you'll be looking at any rate two things accordingly you'll be dealing with a greater number of things than two things. You may be parted with the subject straight by your teacher, or maybe you be allowed to choose the point yourself. On the off chance that finding a suitable point for your embodiment paper is only the beginning of your issues, there's a method to cause them to leave. </p> <p>In the occasion you have impediments forced on you at whatever point you are given a subject you may need to remember them before you start composing. Select a brief aimlessly from above, or pick a subject which you think will be hard that you disconnect from (in light of the fact that you're going to need to expound on this issue, rather than the contention) set clock to 50 minutes and make the article. In case you're despite everything making some harsh memories picking, list the entirety of the captivating realities for each convincing paper thought you've recorded, at that point pick the one which you can deal with the most. The educators don't generally appoint the particular theme. </p> <p>Fortunately, there are composing associates that are good to go to make modest expositions out of exceptional quality. Whatever you're enthusiastic about will be the best choice for a generally excellent powerful paper subject. </p> <p>So in case you're late, even only a perfect exposition may get a B. Fabulous for understudies who must compose Number the Stars expositions. Secondary school articles are organized correspondingly regardless of the point and magnificent paper structure will let you form a perfectly clear exposition that streams from 1 passage to the following. Forming an epitome article seems like a serious expound work, yet it isn't as hard as most understudies envision. </p> <h2> Top Number the Stars Essay Topics Choices </h2> <p>Number the Stars raises bunches of issues which can be risky for understudies. There are scores of star groupings. </p> <p>An person's childhood is the root of bigotry. It is conceivable to effectively arrange any sort of exposition without leaving your room. After you start school, you won't be an enormous fish in a little lake any longer, and it will be progressively hard to stand out from the group. Pick the intended interest group. </p> <h2>Finding the Best Number the Stars Essay Topics </h2> <p>The by and large rule is that you will go through around three hours consistently on homework for every one hour of class you're in. Choose the one which you need in accordance with the control and time you have for executing the undertaking. Also, it's frequently difficult to prevail in a class in the event that you can't ever appear, and you're paying a lot of cash for these classes! A few classes meet multiple times every week for one 90 minutes, some meet multiple times every week for 60 minutes, some meet once week after week for three hours, and so forth </p>

How to Study Online

<h1>How to Study Online</h1><p>Do you know what sort of research papers that are an unquestionable requirement have in your course? You will be astounded to realize that there are a lot of incredible papers accessible for you to have the option to study.</p><p></p><p>The web is brimming with data accessible and one can use the web to concentrate on subjects which are fascinating as well as straightforward. This implies you can undoubtedly gain admittance to the great quality and advantageous papers which are available as well as simultaneously go under your expense. You can begin in following ways.</p><p></p><p>Firstly, you can search for sites that are only for coaching research papers. Such locales give access to many paper destinations which are an absolute necessity have in a course. These destinations come at sensible costs and you will have the option to pick a couple. To ensure that you pick the best for your co urse, you should peruse the papers cautiously and make a rundown that are generally applicable to your course.</p><p></p><p>Secondly, you can search for web articles that are intended for this reason. These articles can be perused at no expense and these can be the best advisers for study. You can discover this article by doing a pursuit on the topic.</p><p></p><p>You can look over the assortment of papers and on the off chance that you would prefer not to squander cash, at that point go for those which are valuable to you. There are a few locales which give an inventory of the considerable number of papers accessible, so you can without much of a stretch think about them and select the one which is generally appropriate for your course.</p><p></p><p>Thirdly, you can search for educational destinations that can give you data about the subject. A large portion of these destinations are free and can be an extraord inary assistance in getting ready for your course.</p><p></p><p>You should keep a tab on the aides accessible and exploit them. There are various techniques to viably exploit them and you will have the option to guarantee that you complete your course with ease.</p>

Framing news on foreign countries - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8055 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Framing news on foreign countries: Media Interests and Motivations. Analyzing 10 yrs of US and UK newspaper editorials on Venezuela. OUTLINE 1) INTRODUCTION Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Framing news on foreign countries" essay for you Create order 2) LITERATURE REVIEW   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -On News Framing   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   3) RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4) VARIABLES- Dependent   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚      Independent 5) RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 6) METHODOLOGY   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Method   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Population   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Sample   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Time Period   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Coding Units   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Coding Procedure   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Framing Variables   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Coder Reliability   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   -Coding sheet 7) BIBLIOGRAPHY 1)INTRODUCTION Media organizations are essential in international affairs in terms of their important role in providing information to the public.[3] The question has often been whether the Media frames news in the context of the national interest of the host country, for example. Whether they reflect official position without challenging them or rather influence national interest objectives by putting pressure on politicians. The Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest and other motivating factors are essential for understanding how editorials for instance are framed. Lacking in the study of Media framing is the application to bilateral relations. This study would attempt to add that dimension to the numerous researches on the Media in international affairs. It would analyze editorials by four prominent newspapers in the United States and the United Kingdom on issues concerning Venezuela. The aim is to find the likely motivating factors when it comes to framing news on foreign countries For many countries the media represents an important window to the international world. Patched knowledge on foreign issues would be close to a reality without a source of information about what happens elsewhere in the world, made available by the media. In democratic countries in particular, the reliance on the media for foreign news might be as important as the quest for local news. Images of foreign countries, issues and happenings in a particular country abroad are likely to be influenced by the media to a much larger scale when impressions are created of a healthy or strained bi-lateral relations, for instance. Due to factors such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cultural assumptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"political beliefsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, it is believed that news carves out images and impressions of the world some of which are preferred over other images.[4] The media, both electronic and print are a major component of the democratic processes in several countries. The media has often been referred to, in many countries, as an important branch of the government with roles from functioning as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the main political informantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[7] There has been several publications on issues of Media and Government relations by several authors. For instance, in the scope of international relations and communications, there have been books published on the issue of how the media works in or out of line with foreign policy or the national interest. The debate has been whether or not the media is likely to support the national interest of the country in which it operates in relation to other countries(as the theory of Manufacturing Consent depicts)[9]. Either option makes foreign events relevant to the media. On the whole the media is believed to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reflect social consensusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[15] There may be variations in the nature of the Media depending on the region or country of operation. A media in a democratic country may be freer than those in a non-democratic country so news coverage, media culture and ethics could vary. In this study, a section of the Media in two democratic countries would be analyzed in terms of their positions on issues in a third country(Venezuela). What would be of interest to this study, as mention earlier, would be the factors that would be most highlighted in the accounts of these editorials. It may bring about issues of objectivity and latent Media interests or the interests of the consumers of the news content. In the US for example, the Media is often said to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"domesticate foreign newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The themes represented in news in the US are those which often have some relevance to American interests.[17] Thus, how the media frames news is largely important for understanding the positions they yield to and their respo nse to certain foreign events. In issues of national interest and in relation to bilateral relations, it would be important to know how the media in different countries frame news on events in countries abroad. 2) LITERATURE REVIEW NEWS FRAMING Entman, (1993) suggests that the concept of framing could be studied as a feature of a political discourse or as an instrument applied by the Media in making news.[19] And by extension, Media analysis or news analysis would deserve a look at the concept of news framing. Framing is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the process by which a communication source constructs and defines a social or political issue for its audienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[23] Framing theory is also applicable to Media analysis. Media frames as explained   by Entman (1991: 7), are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"attributes of news itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[24] In a broad sense, frames   are regarded as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, and as selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which symbol handlers routinely organize discourse, whether verbal or visual.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[27] Tuchman showed how framing as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"process theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ works. And that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"routine proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ used by newsmakers, direct news frames in a particular way.   She argues that these procedures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"continually help showcase certain places and ideas, while consistently closing off and blocking inquiry into othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[29] Entman (1993: 52) helped refine the scope of the definition given to news framing. He established that by the definition of news frame, frames could be seen as a process that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"defines problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" determine what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of common cultural values; diagnose causes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" identify the forces creating the problem; make moral judgments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" evaluate causal agents and their effects; and suggest remedies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" offer and justify treatments for the problems and predict their likely effectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[30] Entman, (1991:7) also showed that frames used by the media are often captured à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in the keywords, metaphors, concepts, symbols and visual images in news narrativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. He stresses the point that one way is which news framing works is through repetition which is important for Media news framing because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"news narrativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, usually dependent on frames, are meant to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"direct attention to certain ideas, while excluding certain other ideasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[33] It has also been established that Framing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"involves processes of inclusion and exclusion as well as emphasis.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[38] Framing also has the ability to make consumers of news accept and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"adopt some symbolic themes and valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[39] While the process of selectively and emphasis is carried out by the newsmakers, those for whom a particular news is meant, are also likely to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"predisposed to understanding and interpreting information in a selective way.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Framing   has also been explained to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the process of placing information into a context of preconscious symbolismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [43] The framing process employed by the Media is regarded as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"key to shaping both the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and decision-makers knowledge, image and understanding of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[49]. Perhaps a perfect definition of the concept of framing in relation to the print media is the fact that, a frame is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a central organizing idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection among them. The frame suggests what the controversy is about and the essence of the issueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[53] One of the significant areas in relation to framing of news and Media positioning is Foreign Policy. Assessments of the response of the media to foreign issues is largely based on a critical analysis of how the media operates or how a particular section of the media churns out news or editorials, for example the position that major newspapers take on certain foreign issues. In a way how it sets the agenda for government or public reactions. Both agenda setting and framing have been identified in news framing literature as ways in which the media can influence policy making and public opinion.[57]   There has been some convergence on how framing analysis can be carried out, according to the literature. Two approaches of framing analysis has evolved over the years. The Inductive approach and the Deductive approach. The latter has been proven more scientific than the former. The Deductive approach organizes the framing analysis based on pre-outlined broader frames.[59] There has also been an attempt by some authors to group frames along certain distinctions. Frames could be grouped under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"issue-specificà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ frames which deal with particular issues in detail and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"generic framesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which cover broader themes found in different settings.[61] One issue raised by some authors on framing is how the Media treat sources. When elite sources to news are relied on by journalists for example, they may in a way be a channel for promoting the views and opinions of the political order or the elites to the larger audience[63] Most of the literature also agree that the location of a news story gives it much weight in terms of the perceived influence on the newspaperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s readership and how important the issues are to them. It also demonstrates the importance the media attaches to that particular issue or event.[67] In all, Media scholars have studied Framing theory as either theories of Effects and   Process. By Framing as effects theory, media scholars have studied the influence that news frames have on   audiences while studies on framing as a process theory have addressed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"how news content is created and modified in certain waysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ considering the factors that influence the carving of news in a particular way. [68] . Although the framing of news is important to the coverage given to events and issues, there are other elements or factors that influence the framing of news in itself have to be identified.[72] This study would turn the spot light on the wide array of all the other factors that may help explain why news is framed in a particular way. As pointed out earlier, some literature on the Media have suggested that the sources that the Media relies go an extent to make the news themselves. In other words, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" Organizations with more resources, or that have more credibility in the eyes of journalists, are more likely to become regular news sources, and thus shape which issues (agenda-setting) and which perspectives (frames) dominate the newsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[74] Some Media scholars are of the opinion that the ideal state of Media Objectivity is far fetched. Some are of the view that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"there is no fundamentally non-ideological, apolitical, non-partisan news gathering and reporting system. Since there may be dispute over objectivity and news without bias, the concept of framing becomes important to analyzing the frames used in making news.[77] While journalists may dispute these assertions, it is believed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"news content is not an objective entity, independent of political, social, ideological or sociopsychological influencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ than mere information.[80] As stated before, the Media often depicts the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position in respect to interests and issues especially in relation to other countries. There has been the suggestion that   the Mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"national values, national interest and cultural valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of their host countries.[82] The Media is likely to succumb to the views of governments because   the latterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position on issues is seen as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an overriding common good transcending the specific interests of parties, factions, and other entities smaller than the nation as a whole.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[84]   The problem with the concept of framing is that it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lacks clear conceptual definitions and a comprehensive statement to guide researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[85] Yet these challenges would make it important for more research into factors that influence news framing. The extent to which consumers of news à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"perceive foreign leadersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in either a positive or negative light is dependent on how framing is carried out.[86] The latter point might be important to understand how the reading-public of the four sampled newspapers are likely to perceive the leadership in Venezuela. Most of the research done on news framing have largely gone in the way of foreign policy research. A few have looked at news framing in relation to another country with a lengthy time range while Media response and framing on various issues are measured and analyzed. The study hopes to add to the already existing research on news framing in this regard. 3) Proposed Research Questions Research Question 1 :What is the tone of coverage on Venezuela in U.S. and U.K. editorials? Do the two groups of newspapers differ in tone? Research Question 2: Which frames dominated in the overall coverage and was there a significant difference between the two countries in terms of the frames used? Research Question 3: Which issues dominated the overall coverage country-wise? Research Question 3: Do positions on issues covered reflect National Interest of the two countries? Research Question 4: Do these editorials rely on government sources in arriving at opinions and conclusions? Research Question 5: Which issues are most prominent in all the coverage? Research Question 6: Do the editorials lean towards a kind of political or economic ideology? 4) VARIABLES The variables for this study would be the following 1 Independent -Tone of coverage and framing in UK editorials -Tone of coverage and framing in US editorials -Most highlighted issues 2 Dependent -The interests of the UK(economic, political, other) -The   interests of the US (economic, political, other) -The ideology of the paper 5) Proposed Research Hypothesis 1 There is no difference in tone between the two groups of newspapers. 2 The level of interest given to highlighted issues between the two groups of newspapers will be the same? 3 Positioning and framing of news will depend on the interests of the host nation of the newspapers. 4 Positioning and framing of news will depend on the ideology of the host nation of the newspapers. 5 UK newspaper editorials are likely to be less critical of Venezuela because of better bi-   lateral relations. 6 US newspaper editorials are likely to be more critical of Venezuela because of worse bi-lateral relations. 6) METHODOLOGY Method The study on these editorials would be carried out using quantitative content analysis to assess qualitative data published by the four newspapers. Content analysis is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a research technique that involves measuring a content( in this case, news frames) in a random sampling of some form of communication( in this case, editorials). The basic assumption implicit in content analysis is that an investigation of messages and communication will allow some insight into the people who receive these messagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[87]. However the use of content analysis in this study would be to capture the frames used in the sampled editorials and what informs interests in issues and not what the consumers of such news perceive or how they react to these messages. One advantage of content analysis is that unlike other research methods where the researcher can easily influence the outcome of the research, it offers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mediated communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to be rather studied rather than the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"behavior of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which may be difficult to analyze. Additionally it provides numbers and figures which can be quantified to secure likely viable assessments.[88] Admittedly, the use content analysis technique also brings to the fore issues concerning the representativeness of the samples used, the adequate definition of issues, difficulties with measuring units to be analyzed and coder reliability issues.[89] A conversion of coded values into quantitative statistical data would be made after the content analysis. Population The population of this study would be all editorials on Venezuela within the ten year period by high circulating newspapers in the US and the UK. The assumption is that editorials from newspapers with a relatively high number of circulations, may have been read by a significant number of people or may have reached a wider audience or a politically responsive section of the public. The study would not be concerned with gauging public reactions but in the frames used themselves. Yet high circulation newspapers offer a good basis for selection in the sample. Sample The type of sampling used in selecting editorials is Criterion Sampling .Editorials which will make up the sample   are those with references made to the words VENEZUELA and HUGO CHAVEZ and political and economic issues related to these terms. A retrieval of the editorials from the search engine LEXIS-NEXIS   has already been carried out using the following terms: VENEZUELA, HUGO CHAVEZ and EDITORIAL for the US newspaper database. For the LEXIS NEXIS -UK database, editorials were retrieved using the search terms VENEZUELA, HUGO CHAVEZ and LEADING ARTICLE. Editorials not focusing on these issues or not focusing on issues of political relevance were dropped from the sample ,for example those focusing on say sports or those with the mere mention of these terms with no relation to relevant issues discussed. US Newspapers From an earlier assessment of the account of data on newspaper circulations by the Audit Bureau of Circulations in both the USA and the UK, the highest circulating newspaper over the 10 year period was USA TODAY with the most circulations for the said period. The WALL STREET JOURNAL (WSJ) came second with the most circulations over the period. The WSJ will however be discounted because of its orientation mostly to financial news and events. The research would be limited to newspapers which mostly deal with political news and also focuses on foreign political news in itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ content or publications. With these criteria, the third major political newspapers which polled the third highest number of circulations over the 10 year period was the NEW YORK TIMES (NYT). Thus editorials from the USA TODAY and the NYT will be used in the content analysis. UK Newspapers The selection criteria for the two highest Circulating newspapers in the UK however differ slightly from the basis on which the newspapers from the US were selected. THE DAILY TELEGRAPH and THE TIMES newspapers would be used in this study. The two newspapers averagely rank 4th and 7th in terms of circulation data according to the Audit Bureau from January 2000 to 2009. The two newspapers which ranked as the two highest-circulating newspapers for the 10 year period in the UK were THE SUN and DAILY MAIL. The two come under the category of Tabloid Newspapers and are not considered serious political newspapers. The two will not be the focus of this study. The DAILY MIRROR, DAILY STAR, and the DAILY EXPRESS ranked 3rd, 5th and 6th respectively. This study will focus on those newspapers which come under those usually termed newspapers-of- record or those which practice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"seriousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ journalism. Of the newspapers under this category,THE GUARDIAN and THE TIMES had averagely, the highest number of circulations during the 10 year period discounting those newspapers which fall under the tabloid category. A percentage breakdown of the editorials from each newspaper is found below. The four newspapers had on average a significant circulation tally during the specified period namely from (January) 2000 to (December) 2009. NEWSPAPER TOTAL NUMBER OF EDITORIALS ON VENEZUELA  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (Jan 2000- Dec 2009) NUMBER OF QUALIFIED   EDITORIALS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL NUMBER OF   EDITORIALS USA TODAY NEW YORK TIMES 42 279    21    76 15% 54% DAILY TELEGRAPH THE TIMES 19 53    18   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   26 13% 18%   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   TOTAL:    141  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   = 100%  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (USA=69.7%) (UK=30.3%) Why Venezuela? Venezuela offers a good to chance to study the politics behind the news. Various perceived interests are involved in relation to the US, UK and Venezuela. The controversies have been over the stifling of democracy and civil rights, the abuse of power by President Chavez, issues over the supply of oil and what it means for the two western countries to have the economy of Venezuela in a bad shape. These factors make Venezuela a good choice and would it possible to analyze Media positioning on these issues in response to a relevant third country while factoring in bi-lateral relations. Time Period The choice of long time duration will allow for significant content analysis to be done on the editorials. Since this research would also assess government statements and positions on the issues arising from Venezuela, the time period which saw the BUSH and BLAIR administration for most of the period would offer an opportunity to compare the US and UK government responses and attitudes towards Venezuelan issues with hopefully little variation in policy change. The reasoning is that an unchanged administration or party in power is likely to have the same attitudes or reactions to foreign issues from a particular country than when the administration changes over a period of time, barring any major shift in interests and policy towards Venezuela by either country during the time period. The study will take all these changes into account in the final analysis, including the editorial responses and positioning on these issues. Coding Units Editorials will be the focal point for the coding procedures. Editorials are a good basis for this study because they often represent the view or position of the newspaper. Op-Eds and editorials with Bylines (those written by individuals and credited with names) have been excluded from the sample. The focus was to look out for editorials which have been written by the editorial board of the various newspapers and would represent a justifiable opinion or position of the newspaper itself rather than the views of individual writers. Coding Procedure The source for the editorials is the academic search engine; LEXIS-NEXIS (which stores electronic copies of newspaper articles and editorials including those that this study would be focused on). Pre-testing 4 independent coders would be used to code each editorial article according to frames created from a Pre-test which has already been carried out on two other newspapers. A pretest on The Washington Post and The Guardian newspapers has been carried out to source for appropriate categories of frames to be used in the final coding of the 141 editorials. In addition, coders could add extra categories of frames to the basic list during coding to update the original codebook. 24 editorials from the Washington Post and 54 editorials from The Guardian newspapers were retrieved with the same search words as the main sample. They all fit the same criteria. 25% of each newspaperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s editorial would be used in the Pre-test. The selection was done randomly. In all 19 editorials would be used for the Pre-test. Framing Variables Frames(meant for pre-test and to be modified). the problem frames, 1-the diagnostic frames( these coverage would identify a problem and assign a responsibility to someone or some other reason) 2-the prognostic frames.( here the study seeks to find an editorialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solution to particular problems) the presentation frames, 1-the issue frame ( coverage on issues such as economy, oil etc) 3-the image frame.( portraying leadership, attitudes, affiliation of subjects) General tone (is the editorial positive(supportive) or negative(condemnatory))? Coder Reliability An intercoder reliability would predict the amount of agreement or correspondence among the 4 coders. Intercoder Reliability is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“extent to which the different judges tend to assign exactly the same rating to each object.[90] The Intercoder reliability would be checked for the Pre-test and the main test. The formula to be used is Holstià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1969) formula. Coder agreement on each unit of analysis( i.e frames) would be calculated. Preliminary Coding Sheet for Newspaper Editorial Content Analysis(To be amended). Technical Data: Editorial Number= give in full Paper: 1= USA; 2= NY Times; 3= Daily Telegraph; 4=The Times Date: given in full Title of Editorial: given in full Page: page on which the editorial is written. Location( section of newspaper) 1= Editorials and Opinions; 2= Features; 3=Non Stated 99= other Length of words=   please indicate number Is a source cited?: 1= Yes; 2= No; 99= other Source cited: please indicate Country Mentioned in affiliation to venezuela: please indicate Country Location(continent): 1= Africa   2=Antarctia 3=Asia 4 =Australia 5= Europe 6=North America 7=South America Issues linked to country referred to: please indicate Themes in the News: Theme of the editorial: 1 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the   world 2 =Concerns over   Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Secondary Themes: 1= Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the   world 2 =Concerns over   Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Tertiary Themes: 1 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the   world 2 =Concerns over   Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Other Themes?: Please state Orientation of Editorial:   1= event-oriented   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2= issue-oriented Framing of the Editorial: (A) References To Sources Domestic Sources( in US or UK) : please indicate International Sources(in Venezuela) : please indicate Other Sources: please indicate How instrumental is the source to the story: 1=very central; 2= central; 3= moderately mentioned; 4=only gets a mention (B) Character of Commentary Evaluation of Commentary: 1= very laudable; 2= favorable; 3= neutral; 4= critical; 5= abrasive; 99= other Secondary Evaluation of Commentary: 1= crusading; 2= argumentative; 3= descriptive; 4= summary; 5= cynical; 6= à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"humorousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; 7= à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"warningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢/ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"helpfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; 8= à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lyricalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; Descriptive Characterization of President Chavez in editorials: As 1= authoritarian   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2= socialist/leftist   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   3= populist   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   4= autocrat   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   5= strongman   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   6= bold   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   99= other ( please state) Characterization of other persons in editorials: please mention character and indicate descrption Main Discourse: Please state any significant words used: Location of word in editorial: 1= headline   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚      2= main body 7) BIBLIOGRAPHY Althaus, Scott L. 2003. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 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(2000) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Making a Difference: US Press Coverage of the Kwangju and Tiananmen Pro-Democracy Movementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 77(1): 22à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"36. In Huang, Zhi.https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html. Kirk Hallahan. Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 11(3), pg   209 (1999) Kinder, D. R., Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of White opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition, 8(1),p.74. In   Kirk Hallahan. Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 11(3), pg   209 (1999) Nelson T E, Clawson,   R A Oxley, Z M.(1997). Media Framing of a civil liberties conflict   and its effects on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91 pg 221. cited in Evans, M. , 2008-03-26 The Effect of Media Framing on International Affairs: the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictPaper presented at the annual meeting of the ISAs 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA Online APPLICATION/PDF. 2010-01-24 from https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. Norris, P. (1995). The restless searchlight. Network news framing of the post-cold war. Political Communication 12 , 358. In Huang, Zhi.https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html Pan, Z. and G.M. Kosicki (1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Political Communication 10: cited in Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65; Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 Piers Robinson. The CNN effect: the myth of news, foreign policy and intervention.(2002) Introduction. Pg 1. Rachlin, A. (1988) News as Hegemonic Reality: American Political Culture and the Framing of News Accounts. New York: Praeger. In Huang, Zhi.https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html. Scheufele, D.A. (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Framing as a Theory of Media Effectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Communication 49(1): 102à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"22. In Huang, Zhi.https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html Shanto Iyengar, Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1991)pg 38. In Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence. Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), Shen, F. , 2003-05-27 The Effect of News Frames and Individual Schemas on Issue Interpretations and AttitudesPaper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, CA Online .PDF. 2009-05-26 from https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.htmlpg 2 The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN   DEMOCRACY:A STRATEGIC APPROACH. June 1999. 9(Technical Publication Series) pg 3- Center for Democracy and Governance Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. Thomas E. Nelson, Rosalee A. Clawson and Zoe M. Oxley. Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance.   American Political Science Association Tinsley, H.E.A., Weiss, D.J. (2000), Interrater reliability and agreement, in Tinsley, E.A., Brown, S.D. (Eds),Handbook of Applied Multivariate Statistics and Mathematical Modeling, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980) p. 7.) In Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009. Tuchman, G. (1978) Making the News. Pg ix. Cited in. Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMMUNICATION STUDIES 2003; 65; [1] THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN   DEMOCRACY:A STRATEGIC APPROACH. June 1999. 9(Technical Publication Series) pg 3- Center for Democracy and Governance Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. American Political Science Association [3] Isaac A. Blankson, Patrick D. Murphy. Negotiating democracy: media tranformations in emerging democracies (2007) Pg 118 [4] CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 1. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1.o make news, events [5] Jan A. Schevitz. The Fourth Branch of Government. An Analysis of the Initiative and Referendum Process and How the Internet Might Improve It. Senior Paper Law, Letters Society.pg 26 (May 2000) [6]CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 4. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1, (The writers attribute this point to Entman (1989,p. 5) where he takes the Media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to task for failing to investigate nascent signs of policy blunders or ethical lapses among high officials.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) [7] Althaus, Scott L.. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (2003) Political Communication, 20: 382, [8] Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky. Manufacturing Consent. The political Economy of the Mass Media.(1988) The CNN effect: the myth of news, foreign policy and intervention.(2002) Introduction. Pg 1. [10] . CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 4. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1 [11] Ibid pg 4 o make news, events [12] Ibid pg 2.   (The writers refer to studies done by Galtung and Ruge (1965)   who identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"factors that predispose foreign events to become news: such as elite nations, negative events, unexpectedness-within-predictability, and cultural proximity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) [13]Ibid pg 2. news, events [14] CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 14. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1 [15] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 52. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company. ( The writer referred (Shoemaker Reese, 1996) that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Factors internal to journalism determine how journalists and news organizations frame issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [16] Gans, H.J.Deciding Whats News. (1979) pg 37New York: Vintage Books. Cited in   CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 4. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1pg 4 o make news, events [17] CHIN-CHUAN LEE AND JUNGHYE YANG.Foreign news and national interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement.pg 4. International Communication Gazette 1996; 56; 1pg 5 Reference made to   (Parenti, 1986; Herman Chomsky, 1988). o make news, event [18] Entman, R.M. (1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Communication 43(4): 51à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"8. cited in Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65;pg 231 [19] Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65;pg 233 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 1-2 [21] Dunwoody, S. (1992). The media and public perceptions of risk: How journalists frame risk stories . In Kirk Hallahan. Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 11(3), pg   222(1999) [22]   Kinder, D. R., Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of White opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition, 8(1),p.74. In   Kirk Hallahan. Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 11(3), pg   209 (1999) Pg 218 [23] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 52. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company [24] Entman, R.M. (1991) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Framing US Coverage of International News: Contrasts in Narrative of the KAL and Iran Air Incidentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Communication 41(4): pg 7. cited in Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65; 231 Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009. pg 8 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 7 [27] Edelman, M. (1964) The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Glencoe: University of Illinois Press. Cited in Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65;pg 238 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 2-3 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 1 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 3 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html . https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 10 [33] Entman, Robert M. (1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of   Communication 43(4): pg 53. In Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Mainstream News Sites: A Comparative Study of Online News Coverage Among Five Permanent Member States of the United Nations Security Council (Abstract submitted to ICA) Na Zhang S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University October, 2003 pg 2 [34] Kirk Hallahan. Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 11(3), pg   209 (1999) Pg 207 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.html pg7   https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 1 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 10 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 1 [39] The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 266. [40] The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 266 [41] The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 266   Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 [43] Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Choices, Values, and Frames, American Psychologist, 39 (1984): 341-50; Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, The Psychology of Preferences, Scientific American, 39 (1982): 136-42) In, The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence Author(s): Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 267 [44]   Evans, M. , 2008-03-26 The Effect of Media Framing on International Affairs: the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictPaper presented at the annual meeting of the ISAs 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA Online APPLICATION/PDF. 2010-01-24 from https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html.Pg 2 [45] Tuchman, G. (1978) Making the News. Pg ix. Cited in. Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMMUNICATION STUDIES 2003; 65; Pg 233 [46] Shen, F. , 2003-05-27 The Effect of News Frames and Individual Schemas on Issue Interpretations and AttitudesPaper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, CA Online .PDF. 2009-05-26 from https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.htmlpg 2 [47] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 51. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company. https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 3 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 4 [50] Gamson, W. A., Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach.American Journal of Sociology, 95, 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"37. In Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 53. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company [51] Entman, R. B. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43, 51à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"58. In Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 53. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company Pg 53 [52] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 53. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.html pg Pg 4 Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 [55]   Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence. Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 269. [56] DA Scheufele : Framing as a theory of media effects . The Journal of Communication .1999 vol 49(1) pg 104. Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009. [58] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 53. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company.   [59] Entman, R. B. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43, 52. In Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 54. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company.( A reference is made to Entman who suggested that frames in the news can be examined and identified by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the presence or absence of certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments.) [60] Claes H. de Vreese .News framing, theory and typology Pg 54. Information Design Journal -Document Design 13(1)   2005 John Benjamins Publishing company. [61] Shanto Iyengar, Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1991)pg 38. In Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Priming, and the Spiral of Silence. Source: Polity, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 267 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112115_index.html pg 6 [63] Althaus, Scott L. 2003. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Political Communication, 20: 384 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 2 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html   pg 10 [66] Pan, Z. and G.M. Kosicki (1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Political Communication 10: cited in Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65; pg 238 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 2 [68] Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Mainstream News Sites: A Comparative Study of Online News Coverage Among Five Permanent Member States of the United Nations Security Council (Abstract submitted to ICA) Na Zhang S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University October, 2003 Pg 2-3 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 5 [72] Framing the NATO Air Strikes on Kosovo Across Countries: Comparison of Chinese and US Newspaper Coverage by Jin Yang Gazette 2003; 65;pg 233 Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 Occidental College,Los Angeles, CA Report released September 2009 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 5 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 2 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 3-4 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html pg 4 [82] Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Mainstream News Sites: A Comparative Study of Online News Coverage Among Five Permanent Member States of the United Nations Security Council (Abstract submitted to ICA) Na Zhang S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University October, 2003. pg 3 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html Pg 5 https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p91337_index.html Pg 5 [85] Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43, 51à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"58. In Kirk Hallahan. Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RESEARCH, 11(3), pg   209 (1999) https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254266_index.html. pg 4 [87] Berger, Arthur Asa.(1998) Media Analysis Techniques 2nd Edition. Pg 116 [88] Berger, Arthur Asa.(1998) Media Analysis Techniques 2nd Edition(PAPER BACK) pg 27 [89] Berger, Arthur Asa.(1998) Media Analysis Techniques 2nd Edition(PAPER BACK) pg 25 [90] Tinsley, H.E.A., Weiss, D.J. (2000), Interrater reliability and agreement, in Tinsley, E.A., Brown, S.D. (Eds),Handbook of Applied Multivariate Statistics and Mathematical Modeling, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp.98

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Why Do You Want to Go to College Essay Tips?

Why Do You Want to Go to College Essay Tips?It is very hard to write a good sample essay for why do you want to go to college. The reasons can be different for each person but writing it is a must. You have to determine what kind of student you are and what kind of student you want to become.This is the first step in writing a sample essay for how do you want to go to college. You have to know what it is that will be on your admissions essay. So, if you are going to be applying to medical school then you need to find out about admission requirements first. If you are going to be applying to the law school then you need to know what the admission criteria are first.Your essay has to be unique enough so that the admissions officer will want to read it over. Just like your application, your essay needs to be unique and it should be a reflection of you. In this case, you will be telling them about why you want to go to college. You have to be creative and unique when describing yourself. The style of writing should reflect the type of person you are.The next thing that you need to learn about when writing a sample essay for why do you want to go to college is how to make it interesting. You need to get all the information out so that it does not feel like you are trying to cram too much information into it. At first, the admissions officer will want to get an idea of what kind of education you are looking for. Once they know that, they will see that you have done your research. They will know what kind of educational experience they will be providing you with and if it will meet your expectations.The best thing that you can do when writing a sample essay for why do you want to go to college is to always think outside the box. There are many different things that people do in their search for a college. One example is going to college forums and reading through the posts of other people. You can also go online and ask questions to people who are applying to college. When doing this, you will be able to get ideas for what kind of questions to ask and what kind of responses you should expect.Writing a sample essay for why do you want to go to college is one thing that you should do with a lot of patience. It is very important that you do not give up until you get a response. No matter what you do, you will have to give the right kind of answers. You should take notes in a journal and write down everything that you learn throughout the process.Writing a sample essay for why do you want to go to college is something that all students can do. You just need to be willing to put in the time and the effort to make sure that you are doing the best that you can to answer the questions that are asked. It is one of the most important parts of your application. Your essay is going to be read over by thousands of people so you have to make sure that you answer all of the questions that are asked.For more information on how to write a great essay on why do y ou want to go to college, visit our website below. You will also learn the top tips and tricks that you can use to write an essay that will get you accepted to college.